Friction: Your toe repeatedly rubs against tight, narrow, or stiff areas inside the shoe.
Pressure: Shoes that squeeze the toes—especially the big toe or little toe—apply constant force.
As a defense, the skin thickens, forming a hard, raised area that often looks yellow due to a buildup of dead skin cells (keratin). Hard corns usually develop on the tops or sides of toes and may have a central core that hurts when pressed, often compared to stepping on a small stone.
Other Possible Causes (Less Common)
Blisters: Intense friction can initially cause fluid-filled blisters, which may appear yellowish if infection develops.
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